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In most countries an Yagi-antenna connected to a access point at long range is usually not enough to start an investigation. LE needs more on the bait. However, if the Yagi signal is very strong and way out of allowed tolerances, there is a risk that this alone can initiate an investigation.
So, keep the Yagi outside your premises and connect to it with a cable that have magnet contacts or similar that breaks the cable if LE starts to pull it. Make sure the cable breaks in a point where further searching of the cable will be costly and time consuming. Have surveillance at that location so you have time to disconnect things at your premises (automate this).
This way you preserve plausible deniability.
An antenna, doesn't matter the model, omnidirectional or directional, such as a Yagi would be, is by definition a _passive_ element. It doesn't use Power, so it doesn't generate a signal. Thus, an antenna by itself cannot be detected by a "strong signal". You can use some "metadata" within the physical layer of the wifi connection, yes, but it's not as straightforward, as it may depend on the 802.11 standard, as well as the encryption method used (for example, you won't be able to ascertain the RSI of connected clients). And if you factor in using randomised MAC addresses on the client side, there you have your plausible deniability covered.
Can you elaborate on the "uses no power" part? It must use some power to send data, no? Although I am mostly receiving data, it's still a two-way communication from the start of the connection handshake. I wouldn't call it passive.
Stingray in this context is confusing term that muddy the river of explanation.
See my simplified definition of "stingray" /post/29886f5e726e459d2958/#c-f12cf75619386facf6
Stingrays are just machines running out of vans, correct? Is there such a thing as a stingray detector or other counter?
You can check by TTL and network hop.
Usually you find stingrays on roof top of vans or small trucks, they are circular plates, diameter is about 40-60cm. The smaller models are also used in larger patrol cars. There exists also handheld models and fixed position stingrays (around secured objects like airports).
To detect a stingray can be tricky if it's in passive mode, e.g. only listening, the best method is visual detection. Under surveillance they need to be close to get high precision, so you will see them at 100-500m distance. Usually the stingrays are only used a few hours per per surveillance target. Then LE repeat a second round a few days later to verify the previous results. So, one must capture the stingray in a few hours window.
However, the stingrays are usually in active mode meaning they will interfere with the surveilled equipments. Typically the stingray blocks the WiFi traffic to get the communication restarted. You can detect this by having a log analyzer that looks for broken links and WiFi disturbance packages.
Besides the WiFi traffic the stingray also make surveillance on the cell phone network. This can be detected by keeping track on the cell towers around you. By sampling the cell towers signal strength you have a baseline. If a stingray is activated you will suddenly have a new cell tower with strong signal and this can then be detected.
Hope this gave some clarity.